The NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) is an essential tool for researchers that allows them to explore the astronomy and astrophysics scientific literature, but it has yet to exploit recent advances in natural language processing. At ADASS 2021, we introduced astroBERT, a machine learning language model tailored to the text used in astronomy papers in ADS. In this work we: - announce the first public release of the astroBERT language model; - show how astroBERT improves over existing public language models on astrophysics specific tasks; - and detail how ADS plans to harness the unique structure of scientific papers, the citation graph and citation context, to further improve astroBERT.
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用于探索美国国家航空航天局的搜索工具（广告）可以相当丰富和赋予（例如，类似和趋势的运营商），但研究人员尚未允许完全杠杆语义搜索。例如，对“普朗克任务的结果”查询应该能够区分普朗克（人，任务，常量，机构和更多）的所有各种含义，而无需从用户进一步澄清。在广告中，我们正在将现代机器学习和自然语言处理技术应用于我们最近的天文出版物的数据集，以培训Astrobert，这是一种基于Google研究的深刻语境语言模型。使用AstrBert，我们的目标是丰富广告数据集并提高其可发现性，特别是我们正在开发自己的命名实体识别工具。我们在这里展示我们初步的结果和经验教训。
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Many current approaches to machine learning in particle physics use generic architectures that require large numbers of parameters and disregard underlying physics principles, limiting their applicability as scientific modeling tools. In this work, we present a machine learning architecture that uses a set of inputs maximally reduced with respect to the full 6-dimensional Lorentz symmetry, and is fully permutation-equivariant throughout. We study the application of this network architecture to the standard task of top quark tagging and show that the resulting network outperforms all existing competitors despite much lower model complexity. In addition, we present a Lorentz-covariant variant of the same network applied to a 4-momentum regression task.
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本文介绍了一种在同时定位和映射（SLAM）框架中进行可靠测量的方法。现有方法在成对的基础上检查一致性或兼容性，但是在成对场景中，许多测量类型都没有足够的约束，以确定是否与其他测量不一致。本文介绍了组-K $一致性最大化（G $ K $ cm），该估计最大的测量值是内部组的一致性。可以为最大的组$ k $一致测量的求解作为广义图上最大集团问题的实例，并可以通过调整电流方法来解决。本文使用模拟数据评估了G $ K $ CM的性能，并将其与以前工作中介绍的成对一致性最大化（PCM）进行比较。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。
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\ textit {objection：}基于gadolinium的对比剂（GBCA）已被广泛用于更好地可视化脑磁共振成像中的疾病（MRI）。然而，大脑和身体内部的gadolin量引起了人们对使用GBCA的安全问题。因此，在提供类似的对比度信息的同时，可以减少甚至消除GBCA暴露的新方法的发展将在临床上具有重大用途。 \ textit {方法：}在这项工作中，我们提出了一种基于深度学习的方法，用于对脑肿瘤患者的对比增强T1合成。 3D高分辨率完全卷积网络（FCN）通过处理和聚合并行的多尺度信息保持高分辨率信息，旨在将前对比度MRI序列映射到对比度增强的MRI序列。具体而言，将三个前对比的MRI序列T1，T2和表观扩散系数图（ADC）用作输入，而对比后T1序列则被用作目标输出。为了减轻正常组织与肿瘤区域之间的数据不平衡问题，我们引入了局部损失，以改善肿瘤区域的贡献，从而可以更好地增强对肿瘤的增强结果。 \ textIt {结果：}进行了广泛的定量和视觉评估，我们提出的模型在大脑中达到28.24db的PSNR，在肿瘤区域达到21.2db。 \ textit {结论和意义：}我们的结果表明，用深度学习产生的合成对比图像代替GBCA的潜力。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/chenchao666/contrast-enhanced-mri-synthesis中获得
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目前，由精确的径向速度（RV）观察结果受到恒星活性引入的虚假RV信号的限制。我们表明，诸如线性回归和神经网络之类的机器学习技术可以有效地从RV观测中删除活动信号（由于星形/张图引起的）。先前的工作着重于使用高斯工艺回归等建模技术仔细地过滤活性信号（例如Haywood等人，2014年）。取而代之的是，我们仅使用对光谱线平均形状的更改进行系统地删除活动信号，也没有有关收集观测值的信息。我们对模拟数据（使用SOAP 2.0软件生成； Dumusque等人，2014年生成）和从Harps-N太阳能望远镜（Dumusque等，2015; Phillips等人2015; 2016; Collier训练）培训了机器学习模型。 Cameron等人2019）。我们发现，这些技术可以从模拟数据（将RV散射从82 cm/s提高到3 cm/s）以及从HARPS-N太阳能望远镜中几乎每天进行的600多种真实观察结果来预测和消除恒星活动（将RV散射从82 cm/s提高到3 cm/s）。 （将RV散射从1.753 m/s提高到1.039 m/s，提高了约1.7倍）。将来，这些或类似的技术可能会从太阳系以外的恒星观察中去除活动信号，并最终有助于检测到阳光状恒星周围可居住的区域质量系外行星。
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Making histopathology image classifiers robust to a wide range of real-world variability is a challenging task. Here, we describe a candidate deep learning solution for the Mitosis Domain Generalization Challenge 2022 (MIDOG) to address the problem of generalization for mitosis detection in images of hematoxylin-eosin-stained histology slides under high variability (scanner, tissue type and species variability). Our approach consists in training a rotation-invariant deep learning model using aggressive data augmentation with a training set enriched with hard negative examples and automatically selected negative examples from the unlabeled part of the challenge dataset. To optimize the performance of our models, we investigated a hard negative mining regime search procedure that lead us to train our best model using a subset of image patches representing 19.6% of our training partition of the challenge dataset. Our candidate model ensemble achieved a F1-score of .697 on the final test set after automated evaluation on the challenge platform, achieving the third best overall score in the MIDOG 2022 Challenge.
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Supervised Question Answering systems (QA systems) rely on domain-specific human-labeled data for training. Unsupervised QA systems generate their own question-answer training pairs, typically using secondary knowledge sources to achieve this outcome. Our approach (called PIE-QG) uses Open Information Extraction (OpenIE) to generate synthetic training questions from paraphrased passages and uses the question-answer pairs as training data for a language model for a state-of-the-art QA system based on BERT. Triples in the form of <subject, predicate, object> are extracted from each passage, and questions are formed with subjects (or objects) and predicates while objects (or subjects) are considered as answers. Experimenting on five extractive QA datasets demonstrates that our technique achieves on-par performance with existing state-of-the-art QA systems with the benefit of being trained on an order of magnitude fewer documents and without any recourse to external reference data sources.
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While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.
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